Causes: The development of haemorrhoids is often associated with:

• Straining during bowel movements
• Prolonged sitting on the toilet
• Chronic diarrhea or constipation
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Anal intercourse
• Low-fiber diet

Types of Haemorrhoids: Haemorrhoids can manifest in different forms:

• Internal haemorrhoids: Located inside the rectum, they may protrude through the anal opening, causing pain and irritation.
• External haemorrhoids: Found under the skin around the anus, they can itch or bleed when irritated.
• Thrombosed haemorrhoids: Characterized by the formation of a clot in an external haemorrhoid, resulting in severe pain, swelling, and inflammation.

Treatment: Haemorrhoidectomy involves the surgical removal of haemorrhoids. Treatment options include:

• Minimally Invasive Procedures:
  • Rubber band ligation: Placing rubber bands around internal haemorrhoids to cut off circulation, causing them to wither and fall off.
  • Sclerotherapy: Injection of a chemical solution to shrink haemorrhoid tissue.
  • Coagulation: Use of techniques such as laser or infrared light to shrink internal haemorrhoids.

• Open Surgical Procedures:
  • Haemorrhoidectomy: Surgical removal of excessive tissue causing bleeding; effective for severe or recurring haemorrhoids.
  • Haemorrhoid Stapling: Stapling of the rectal mucosa to reduce blood supply to internal haemorrhoids, reducing the likelihood of prolapse.
  • Haemorrhoidal Artery Ligation: Closure of blood vessels supplying haemorrhoids to induce shrinkage.

Risks: Potential risks associated with haemorrhoidectomy include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Difficulty urinating
• Infection
• Loss of rectal sphincter control
• Narrowing or damage to the anal canal
• Difficulty emptying the bladder, leading to urinary tract infections

Post-Procedure Care: After haemorrhoidectomy, patients may be advised to:

• Consume high-fiber foods to prevent constipation
• Use topical treatments to soothe the anal region
• Take warm baths to relieve discomfort
• Keep the anal area clean and dry
• Apply cold packs to reduce swelling
• Take oral pain relievers as prescribed